Микоризные грибы: cовременные представления их значимости в минеральном питании растений и как натуральных биоудобрений
Ключевые слова:
микоризные грибы, микобионты, абиотический и биотический стресс, питательные элементы, in vitro, биоудобрения, инокуляцияАннотация
Микоризосфера является специфической почвенной микрозоной, формирующейся вокруг микоризированных корней растений и состоит из корня, гиф микобионта (непосредственно связанного с ним), ассоциированных с ними микроорганизмов почвы. Сами же корни растений содержат большое количество микроорганизмов, которые наряду с качеством почвы и климатическими условиями являются основными факторами, влияющими на жизнеспособность растения, его рост и развитие. Микроорганизмы, такие как микоризные грибы, могут способствовать более эффективному использованию плодородия почвы, обеспечивать оптимальные условия для роста растений, выступая тем самым в роли натуральных биоудобрений. Ключевую роль для жизнеспособности растения играют необходимые мутуалистические арбускулярные микоризные грибы (АМГ), которые являются связующим звеном между корнями растения-хозяина и почвенными питательными элементами в минеральной форме, доставляют растению воду и минеральные питательные вещества в обмен на продукты фотосинтеза, обеспечивают защиту от болезнетворных микроорганизмов. Таким образом, АМГ, являясь органическими компонентами почвы, в случае их отсутствия, могут привести к менее эффективному функционированию экосистемы. Процесс микоризации может стать действительной альтернативой обычным методам внесения удобрений, при этом успех пока сложно предсказуем, так как различные виды растений по-разному реагируют на одинаковые разновидности микоризных грибов. В данной статье предлагается обзор по минеральному питанию растений в симбиозе с микоризными грибами, по использованию микоризных грибов в сельском хозяйстве, в садоводстве, при адаптации растений in vitro; созданию инокулята на основе микоризных грибов и внесению биологических удобрений на основе микоризы, уделяя особое внимание некоторым важным факторам, которые могли бы увеличить успех процесса инокуляции.
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