Transport of vitamin B1 in animals, plants and microorganisms
Keywords:
thiamine, thiamine transporters, thiamine diphosphate transporters, bacteria, archaea, yeasts, plantsAbstract
Vitamin B1, in the form of coenzyme thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), is indispensible for the life of almost all types of organisms. Plants, yeast, and many bacteria synthesize vitamin B1 de novo, while animal cells lack this ability and therefore must absorb thiamine constantly through specialized transport systems. Carrier proteins are expressed not only by cells of thiamine auxotrophic organisms, but also by organisms capable of its biosynthesis. During the biological evolution, there has been a significant divergence in the mechanisms of vitamin B1 transport. Prokaryotes carry out its uptake through ATP-dependent ABC-type transporters or using energy uncoupled facilitated diffusion mechanism through the PnuT transporter. Yeast and animal cells uptake thiamine by the mechanism of secondary active transport by proteins from the NCS1 and SLC19 families, respectively. ThDP synthesized in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells is imported into the mitochondrial matrix through transporters belonging to the MCF family.
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