Биосинтез тиамина
Ключевые слова:
тиамин, биосинтез, регуляция, бактерии, археи, дрожжи, растенияАннотация
Тиамин (витамин В1) необходим для жизнедеятельности всех известных организмов, выполняя в форме тиаминдифосфата (ТДФ) каталитические функции в реакциях центрального и вторичного метаболизма. В клетках животных тиамин не образуется и поэтому должен прстоянно поступать с пищей. Большинство эубактерий, архей, грибов и растений способны осуществлять биосинтез тиамина de novo либо использовать продукты его деградации. Биосинтез пиримидинового (в виде 4-амино-5-гидроксиметил-2-метилпиримидин дифосфата, HMP-PP) и тиазолового (в виде 2-карбокси-4-метил-5-β-гидроксиэтилтиазол фосфата, HET-P) колец молекулы витамина В1 протекает раздельно с их последующей конденсацией в тиаминмонофосфат (ТМФ). У бактерий и архей ТМФ превращается в ТДФ под действием тиаминфосфат-киназы (ThiL), а в клетках эукариот подвергается гидролизу до тиамина, который фосфорилируется до ТДФ тиаминпирофосфокиназой. Бактерии синтезируют HET-P из 2-иминоацетата, 1-дезокси-D-ксилулозо-5-фосфата и ThiS-тиокарбоксилата при помощи по крайней мере 7 белков (Dxs, ThiS, ThiF, ThiO, NifS, ThiG и TenI – у B. subtilis), тогда как в образование HMP-PP (из 5-аминоимидазолриботида (AIR)) вовлечены только два белка – ThiC и ThiD. У грибов HET-P образуется из NAD и глицина, при этом источником серы служит остаток Cys активного центра белка THI4 – суицидного фермента, осуществляющего лишь один каталитический цикл. В синтезе HMP-PP в клетках грибов задействован еще один суицидный фермент – THI5, включающий атом азота остатка Hys своего активного центра в пиридиновое кольцо пиридлксаль-5-фосфата в реакции образования HMP-P, который затем фосфорилируется белком THI20 до HMP-PP. В растениях образование HET-P протекает, как и у грибов, под действием белка THI1(THI4), тогда как HMP-PP синтезируется по бактериальному пути из AIR с участием белков THIС и TH1. Археи синтезируют тиазоловый гетероцикл молекулы тиамина по эукариотному THI4-механизму, а пиримидиновый – по бактериальному/растительному пути. Регуляция биосинтеза тиамина у разных видов организмов осуществляется благодаря наличию ТДФ-рибосвитчей и под контролем транскрипционных факторов.
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